BAHRAIN

With a population of about 1.6 million and an forecasted GDP of nearly $48bn in 2025, Bahrain is a small open economy underpinned by diversification beyond hydrocarbons, notably in financial services, aluminum smelting, and refining.

ALGERIA

With a 47 million population and a $206.5bn GDP in 2024, Algeria is a hydrocarbon‑dependent economy, underpinned by its sizeable international reserves and historic net positive asset position (net international investment position of about +23% of GDP in 202

HUNGARY

With a population of 9.5 million and a forecasted GDP of $237bn in 2025,Hungary belongs to the group of high-income countries. It is a member of the European Union, but remains outside the Eurozone.

AUSTRIA

With a population of 9 million and a forecasted GDP of $534bn in 2025, Austria is a federal republic consisting of nine states (German: Bundesländer). The states have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g.

BULGARIA

With a population of 6,6 million and a forecasted GDP of $117bn in 2025,Bulgaria is a small, open, upper-middle income economy. Its GDP is expected to further mount with around 3% in 2026. 

PORTUGAL

With a population of 10 million and a forecasted GDP of $321bn in 2025, Portugal is a small open advanced economy, anchored by diversified tourism, tradeable services, and improving fiscal and external metrics.

IRELAND

With a population of 5 million and a forecasted GDP of $599bn in 2025, Ireland is a small, open, advanced economy with a strong export orientation and high per‑capita income.

ROMANIA

With a population of 19 million and a forecasted GDP of $403bn in 2025, Romania is an upper-middle income country of 19.8 million people with a GDP growth which is expected to decelerate markedly to 1.4% in 2024 as export growth remains subdued. A gradual recovery in external demand, e

DENMARK

With a population of 6 million and a forecasted GDP of almost $450bn in 2025, Denmark is a typical example of the Nordic economic model, combining high living standards and low income inequality.

NORWAY

With a population of 5 million and a forecasted GDP of $504bn in 2025,Norway is a relatively small but very highly developed open economy, distinguished by exceptionally high income per capita, large resource-backed public savings and a commanding net international investment position (